Guide: Liquidation preference examples (The math)
last updated: Jan 27, 2026
Founders obsess over valuation but ignore the terms that actually decide who gets paid. Here is the math on how a "standard" clause can cost you $16M on exit.
TL;DR
Liquidation preference determines the payout order when your startup sells. It is the multiplier on the investor's money (1x, 2x) and the participation status (Participating vs Non-Participating) that dictates if they get paid before you or alongside you.
Key takeaways:
How to read this: Use these examples to spot "dirty" terms before signing.
Key takeaways:
- Benchmark: Aim for 1x Non-Participating. This is the standard for clean Series A deals.
- Rule: Never accept "Participating" preferred stock without a low cap (e.g., 2x).
- Warning: A 2x Participating liquidation preference can wipe out 50–60% of founder returns even in a successful exit.
How to read this: Use these examples to spot "dirty" terms before signing.
Glossary
- Liquidation Preference: The "safety net" multiplier. A 1x preference means investors get their original investment back before common shareholders (founders) see a dime. [Source: Investopedia]
- Non-Participating: The investor must choose: take their preference money and run, OR convert to common shares and split the pot. They cannot do both.
- Participating: The "double dip." Investors get their preference money back first, AND then they get to split the remaining pot with common shareholders.
- Seniority: The order of payouts. Standard is usually "pari passu" (everyone equal) or stacked by round (Series B gets paid before Series A). See how this differs in early stages in our guide on SAFE vs Convertible Note.
The Asset
This table compares two payout scenarios on a $50,000,000 Exit. To understand how dilution impacts these numbers before the exit, use our Option Pool Calculator.
Assumptions:
Assumptions:
- Investment: $10M raised.
- Ownership: Investors own 20% fully diluted; Founders own 80%.
- The Trap: Comparing a clean term sheet vs a "shark" term sheet.
Sample math:
In Scenario A (Non-Participating), the investor compares their Preference ($10M) to their % ownership value (20% of $50M = $10M). Since they are equal, the payout is $10M. The remaining $40M flows to founders.
In Scenario B (Participating), the investor takes 2x their money off the top ($20M). They then dip into the remaining $30M for their 20% share ($6M). They turn a $10M check into $26M, leaving you with significantly less.
In Scenario A (Non-Participating), the investor compares their Preference ($10M) to their % ownership value (20% of $50M = $10M). Since they are equal, the payout is $10M. The remaining $40M flows to founders.
In Scenario B (Participating), the investor takes 2x their money off the top ($20M). They then dip into the remaining $30M for their 20% share ($6M). They turn a $10M check into $26M, leaving you with significantly less.
Benchmarks
Knowing what is "standard" saves you from looking inexperienced during negotiations.
- Standard Deal: 1x Non-Participating. Market data suggests 90–95% of clean Series A term sheets follow this structure.
- Distressed Deal: >1x Preference (1.5x–2x) or Participating Preferred. This signals the investor sees high risk.
- Sample Math for Comparison: If you raise $2M at a $10M cap, check our Term Sheet vs SAFE guide to see how early decisions ripple into these later Series A terms.
Risks
The "double dip" structure of Participating Preferred is the primary wealth killer for founders. By allowing investors to take their initial capital (or a multiple of it) and share in the remaining proceeds, you effectively reduce your equity value twice.
Risk Factors:
Risk Factors:
- Misalignment: Investors with high liquidation preferences (2x–3x) may push for a quick sale at a lower valuation because they get paid first and guaranteed.
- Dead Equity: If the exit value is lower than the total liquidation preference stack, common shareholders (founders and employees) get $0.
Conclusion
Mastering the math of liquidation preference examples is a necessary step for defense, but it is not the whole picture. You can negotiate the cleanest 1x Non-Participating term sheet in history, but if you do not have a product people pay for, that contract is just a worthless PDF.
Valuation is vanity; liquidation preference dictates the exit, but revenue dictates survival. Tactics without strategy is nothing. Are you sure you'll hit $10K MRR in the next 90 days? Bootstrapping to revenue ensures you have the leverage to reject "2x Participating" death warrants.
Valuation is vanity; liquidation preference dictates the exit, but revenue dictates survival. Tactics without strategy is nothing. Are you sure you'll hit $10K MRR in the next 90 days? Bootstrapping to revenue ensures you have the leverage to reject "2x Participating" death warrants.
FAQ
- You:What is the difference between participating and non-participating liquidation preference?Guide:Non-participating forces the investor to choose between their guaranteed return (preference) OR their share of the company. Participating allows them to take the guaranteed return AND their share of the remaining proceeds. Participating is much worse for founders.
- You:Does a 1x liquidation preference affect me if I sell for a huge profit?Guide:Generally, no. If you sell for a high multiple (e.g., 10x the valuation), investors with a 1x Non-Participating preference will simply convert their shares to common stock to get their % of the deal, as that amount will be higher than their original investment.
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